Carotid Arterial Disease (CAD) is a condition in which the carotid arteries, the main blood vessels supplying oxygen-rich blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This narrowing, called stenosis, often results from a buildup of plaque—a mixture of cholesterol, fat, and other substances—on the inner walls of the arteries. Over time, the plaque hardens and restricts blood flow, potentially leading to severe health risks.

When carotid arteries are significantly narrowed, the brain may receive reduced oxygen, increasing the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or full-blown strokes. TIAs, often called "mini-strokes," cause temporary stroke-like symptoms, such as weakness, confusion, and vision problems. Though these symptoms usually resolve within minutes or hours, they serve as a warning sign of an impending stroke.

Risk factors for CAD include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Family history of cardiovascular disease also plays a role. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI, which assess blood flow and plaque buildup. Treatment options vary based on disease severity and may include lifestyle changes, medication, and, in advanced cases, surgical interventions like carotid endarterectomy or stenting to restore proper blood flow.