Arterial disease, also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), occurs when blood flow in the arteries outside the heart, especially to the limbs, becomes restricted. This restriction usually happens due to atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque — made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances — builds up on the artery walls. This buildup narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow and limiting oxygen supply to the muscles and tissues.

Symptoms of PAD often include leg pain, cramping, or discomfort, especially during activities like walking. These symptoms typically ease with rest but can return when activity resumes. In severe cases, arterial disease may lead to non-healing wounds, gangrene, and even amputation if blood flow is extremely limited.

Risk factors for arterial disease include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and a sedentary lifestyle. Age and a family history of cardiovascular disease also increase the likelihood of developing PAD. Early diagnosis is crucial for managing the disease. Treatments focus on lifestyle changes, such as exercise and diet modifications, and may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In advanced cases, procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery may be needed to restore adequate blood flow.